Introduction

Electro-optical crystals are characterized by their ability to change optical path length in function of  an applied  external voltage. This change depends on the direction of polarization of the irradiated light. At λ/2 voltage, the path length difference of orthogonally polarized beams is just half of the wavelength. With a suitable orientation of the crystals, the polarization direction of the irradiated light is rotated 90°: in this state the light is extinguished by a polarizer. Varying the applied voltage allows quick modulation of the laser beam intensity. The performance of an electro-optic modulator can be understood very simply as that of a retardation plate with electrically adjustable retardation.

Series LM 0202 Modulators use the transverse electro-optical effect: the direction of the light beam and electric field are orthogonal. In this configuration, long crystals with a small cross section have a low half wave voltage.

Since most of the electro-optical crystals operate with a strong background of natural birefringence, a compen­sation scheme is used. Each modulator in the LM 0202 series has four crystals as a matched ensemble. These crystals are fabricated with deviations in length less than 100nm. The crystals are operated optically in series and electrically parallel.

The crystal orientation of the LM 0202 and LM 0202P modulators has been optimized to minimize the retar­da­tion caused by natural birefringence. Just as in an ordina­ry retardation plate, the polarization of the laser beam has to be adjusted at 45° to the optical axis in order to achieve proper 90° rotation.

If the laser beam is polarized in the direction of the optical axis, no polarization rotation, but pure phase retardation will occur. In principle this allows the user to operate the LM 0202 modulator as a phase modulator. In this configu­ration, optimized for minimum background retar­da­tion, two of the four crystals are electro-optically active for phase modulation. A special model, LM 0202 PHAS, is available with a crystal configuration that uses all four crystals for phase modulation.

The PM 25 Phase Modulator, is a Brewster modulator of high optical quality and should be used for loss sensitive applications, especially intracavity modulation. Mounting the modulator in the resonator is simple, as there is no beam deviation or displacement.

All modulators use electro-optical crystals that possess strong natural birefringence. The crystals are used in order of compensation and there is no beam deviation or displacement.

Electro-optic modulators generally require linearly polarized laser light. If the laser light is not sufficiently polarized by itself, an additional polarizer must be used.

The Intensity Modulator LM 0202 P has an integrated polarizer that is used as an analyzer.

The modulator voltage input plugs are isolated from the housing and directly connected to the crystals. A change of the laser intensity can be observed when the applied voltage is changed. By subsequently adjusting voltage and rotation, an extinction better than 1:250 can be achieved. Selected models with better extinction ratios are available by request.

Operating an electro-optical modulator between crossed, or parallel, polarizers yields an intensity variation given by the following formula:

I = I_o · sin² (U/U_l/2 · p/2)

U_l/2 - half wave voltage

I_o - input intensity

U - signal voltage

It has been assumed that the appropriate offset voltage has been applied for maximum extinction. The offset voltage causes a shift of the intensity curve over the voltage. The half wave voltage is proportionally to the wavelength l, to the crystal thickness d and in reverse proportional to the crystal length l:

Here n0 is the refractive index of the ordinary beam and r63 the electro-optical coefficient of the crystal.

In many cases it is advantageous to select an offset voltage such that the first order intensity varies linearly with voltage. This is achieved by setting the offset voltage to the value required for maximum extinction minus
½ · Uλ/2 .

The LM 0202 series modulators are hermetically sealed. They can be operated at pressures from 100 mbar to 1500 mbar and at a temperature range between 0 °C to 50 °C. Standard models are designed for horizontal operation. Modulators for vertical use are available by request. The modulator windows are easily cleaned with a mild organic solvent.

Applications

The series LM 0202 or LM 13 electro-optical modulators are typically used when intensity, power, phase or polarization state modulation is required. The devices are ideal for continuous or pulsed laser applications. Standard models, in many configurations, are available for wavelength ranges or for concrete wavelengths between 250 to 1100nm and operation up to 3000nm is possible with special crystals.

The modulators are typically used with diode lasers, solid state lasers, ion lasers, gas lasers or white light lasers.

These devices are being used in the fields of reprography, stereo lithography, laser projection, optical storage, printing, research and development and communication engineering in the laser industry.

The PM 25 Phase Modulator is typically used for fast intra-cavity modulation of the resonator length. Therefore very fast control loops, with high feedback gain for frequency and phase stabili­zation, can be constructed for precision lasers.

Selection Criteria

The required wavelength and aperture are determined based on the existing laser system. Very high laser power, in the multiwatt range, requires a large aperture. Laser lines in the short wave spectral region can work problem free with modulators having low electro-optical sensi­tivity: this gives rise to advantages in bandwidth and size. A Brewster modu­lator of high optical quality should be used for loss sensitive applications, especially intra­cavity modulation.